Coronavirus


COVID-19: La obligación de mirar hacia atrás

Brice Calsapeu Losfeld

Películas como Parasite (2019, dir. Bong Joo-Ho, Corea del Sur) o más recientemente El Hoyo (2019, dir. Galder Gaztelu-Urrutia, España) nos van recordando la voracidad de un sistema económico, el capitalismo, que a través de sus diferentes manifestaciones o maquinarias no solamente controla de manera autoritaria, sino que modela la adhesión de los espíritus y de los cuerpos a su propia reproducción. La reproducción del sistema capitalista es también y antes que todo, la reproducción de las elites de este sistema que, en su forma democrática liberal, logra convencer la mayoría que la expresión regular de un voto y la participación al juego “democrático” abre el abanico de lo posible: un posible cambio de vida, una posible moralización de la vida política, un posible fin de la violencia…

La actual crisis desatada por la pandemia del COVID-19 es la crisis de un sistema. La crisis sanitaria nos propulsa a todos como posibles víctimas de lo invisible. Frente a la amenaza igualitaria de la enfermedad se visibilizan todas estas desigualdades que siempre estuvieron allí y que de repente agobian a los más desprotegidos de nuestras sociedades, valga decir la mayoría de nosotros.

Este muro de lanzas levantadas alrededor del COVID-19 que le dan ya el aire de un ejército invencible no salió de la nada. El caballo de Troya de la eficacia del virus no se debe tanto a su código genético, sino al sistema que le permite ser tan eficaz y encontrarnos tan desprevenidos frente a la contingencia. 

Se puede leer por muchas partes que la pandemia es la consecuencia de la globalización neoliberal y el síntoma de un fracaso. La globalización y los intercambios acelerados entre continentes nos hicieron entrar, y eso desde 1968 con la gripe de Hong-Kong, la cual se estimó mató a un millón de personas, en una época de efecto mariposa viral.  En cuanto a que sea el síntoma de un fracaso no hay nada más cierto. Estamos pagando caro, concretamente con vidas humanas inmoladas al becerro de oro, la hegemonía casi global del sistema neoliberal y de sus políticas en materias públicas. 

En nombre de la acumulación vertiginosa de los beneficios de un puñado autodesignado por sus privilegios de clase, el estado se vio forzado a entrar en una letargia letal para nosotros. La ecuación que relaciona el nivel de imposición con la cualidad de los servicios públicos se vio reemplazada por la ortodoxia del sacro santo equilibrio del nivel de deuda pública en relación al Producto Interior Bruto. Si bien que, frente a la enfermedad, están los que pueden comprarse el kit necesario de protección, los que podrán tener acceso a un hospital o mejor a una clínica pública y los que no, los que podrán dejar de trabajar y los que no porque su sustento depende de salir a la calle, los que podrán seguir estudiando en casa y los que no tienen con qué hacerlo, los que pueden hacer compras de pánico y los que no pueden y tienen que vivir la inflación en los productos y las carencias como otra plaga. Ni hablemos de las condiciones del confinamiento simplemente imposibles en todas las favelas del mundo.  

El neoliberalismo ha aumentado la brecha en la redistribución del ingreso total creando una isla dorada y un continente de marginalizados: somos marginalizados de un sistema de salud eficientes, marginalizados de unas viviendas dignas, marginalizados de servicios básicos de cualidad, marginalizados de una alimentación sana, marginalizados de un medio ambiente que goce de una buena salud, marginalizados de una agua potable y no contaminada. Y es la paradoja sobre la cual se construye el capitalismo: la voracidad sin fondo de unos pocos termina marginalizando la mayoría. Si por esos lares le añadimos una corrupción endémi-patológica, la represión armada sistemática de la protesta social frente a los derechos laborales, comunitarios o medioambientales, la pandemia es el último toque que nos faltaba para salir del closet y asumirnos como pandemónium.  

Ya estamos viendo que al salir de la crisis sanitaria tendremos que enfrentarnos a un reto más amplio que es la reanudación activa de la lucha de clases. El fracaso diagnosticado del neoliberalismo nos obliga a pensar como queremos seguir luego. Como ya lo plantearon los dos pesos pesados de la filosofía de la era líquida, Slavoj Žižek y Byung-Chul Han, dos escenarios post-virus son posibles. 

El esloveno, por su parte, vaticina la posibilidad de un cambio de sistema económico con una insurgencia popular en contra de las elites. ¿Probable? Puede ser en ciertos países. La policía política francesa emitió la semana pasada una nota avisando sobre una más que probable insurrección popular después del confinamiento. El descontento popular que arde cada semana en las calles desde noviembre del 2018, la mala gestión de la crisis sanitaria y el autoritarismo creciente del gobierno reúnen todos los ingredientes para que pase. 

El coreano, en cambio, predice que no habrá un cambio de dirección en la actual política sino el reforzamiento autoritario y represivo gubernamental en todas partes con una pérdida de derechos civiles. El capitalismo asumirá a cara descubierta su carácter fundamentalmente brutal y represivo para seguir exprimiendo del trabajo de las masas la plusvalía necesaria para alimentar los bancos, los grandes empresarios, las multinacionales…en fin la minoría de siempre. 

El lema de antaño parece resumir las dos posturas: socialismo o barbarie. Tal vez queda un Aufhebung de las dos posturas, y el escenario dará una primera fase represiva que empujará a la demanda violenta de un cambio radical de sistema. Barbarie y socialismo en este orden. Tal vez sea demasiado temprano para pensar en un después. Pero entre tanto creo que vale la pena pensar en cómo llegamos aquí y entender la ideología que está detrás del sistema que llamaremos el “neoliberalismo como última fase del capitalismo”. Si bien la voracidad depredadora y la acumulación sin fin está en el núcleo del sistema (y allí tendríamos que recurrir a la psicología, a la ética y a la espiritualidad para entender y sanar esta necesidad tan arraigada en nosotros), el sistema neoliberal no es ahistórico y se construye a partir de postulados muy simples elaborados en Europa central en el siglo XX. 

Dos libros de reciente publicación permiten una lectura cruzada que nos permite entender la conformación específica de la maquinaria neoliberal. El primero es del historiador galo Johann Chapoutot, profesor en la Sorbona y experto mundialmente reconocido sobre la historia del Tercer Reich, quien en su Libres d’obéir: le management du nazisme à aujourd’hui (NRF Esssais, 2019) muestra que el nazismo es una matriz de las teorías de administración empresarial moderna. El nivel de la microeconomía, de la empresa, conoce después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, un reciclaje del conocimiento empresarial acumulado entre 1929 y 1945. El nazismo define literalmente al trabajador como un material humano y piensa la organización de la toma de decisiones en centros autónomos en competencia que siempre tomarán la peor decisión en el sentido de la más radical. Estos dos postulados fundamentan una organización jerárquica del modelo de trabajo que define objetivos donde el productor, está dejado totalmente libre de elegir los medios para alcanzarlos. Y esas son exactamente las políticas que el nazismo empleó para rearmarse, pillar los recursos de los territorios eslavos conquistados y exterminar a todas las poblaciones indeseables en los campos de concentración. Esas técnicas serán recicladas en el mundo entero por una Alemania Federal vista como un modelo industrial exitoso. 

El segundo libro viene de un joven historiador canadiense, Slobodian Quinn, quien pasó por el Weatherhead Center for International Affairs de la universidad norteamericana de Harvard. En Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism (Harvard University Press, 2018), Quinn documenta y analiza la construcción del neoliberalismo a raíz de la conmoción provocada por las consecuencias de la Primera Guerra Mundial y la crisis de 1929. Desde las elites económicas de Austría y Suiza se va a definir un pensamiento económico que busca organizar el mundo, un diseño en world orders, cuyo objetivo será defender la economía mundial y el mundo empresarial de los excesos de la democracia. El orden económico mundial siempre va a depender de la protección de las leyes de propiedad individual en contra de las leyes que emanan del estado como personificación de la voluntad general. El principal peligro de la democracia es la posibilidad de un reclamo de la redistribución de las riquezas.  Sobre estos postulados y otros van a emerger instituciones internacionales cuyos nombres conocemos todos (Banco Mundial, FMI…) cuyo objetivo es actuar como mecanismos de protección de una supuesta competencia internacional (falseada desde el principio) de los clamores populares. 

Aquel que dudará, se convencerá seguramente viendo la película Adults in the Room (2019) del director Costa-Gravas. La película está basada en el libro del economista y exministro de las finanzas griego Yánis Varoufáki quien estuvo encabezando las negociaciones del 2015 sobre la deuda griega. El cinismo y la poca sino nula empatía mostrada por los grandes dirigentes de este mundo hacía el destino de los de abajo está puesta a descubierto en como mal-trataron al pueblo inventor de la democracia.

Estos dos investigadores nos recuerdan que el sistema económico actual nace del egoísmo y de un desencadenamiento de violencia. El autoritarismo mismo está en el acto de nacimiento del sistema económico que rige nuestras vidas, que decide cómo vamos a vivir y ahora decide cómo vamos a agonizar. 

La falta de material en los hospitales es una consecuencia de este sistema, el hecho de que haya hospitales y no los haya, que haya el suficiente personal médico y que tod@s est@s enfermer@s, medic@s y todos los que trabajan dentro del hospital para mantenerlo de pie sean el número necesario con la formación continua necesaria o no es consecuencia de este sistema. La misma constatación la podemos replicar a todos los sectores de la vida: educación, servicio del agua, reciclaje, energía…todos estos sectores que interesan la colectividad y que, por lo tanto, simplemente no se pueden gestionar de la misma manera. En estos sectores donde la racionalización de las decisiones de administración debe hacerse en base al bien común, un bien común ampliado a la totalidad de la biosfera. Ese debe ser el zócalo inexpugnable de toda reconstrucción post-virus y no la continuidad de la voracidad neoliberal. 

 

13 abril, 2020
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